Which file system is commonly used by Windows operating systems?

The file system commonly used by Windows operating systems is NTFS (New Technology File System). NTFS is designed to support larger file sizes and volumes, as well as better overall performance and security features compared to earlier file systems like FAT32. It includes support for file permissions, encryption, disk quotas, and recovery features, which enhance data integrity and protection.

While FAT32 is also used in some cases, especially for compatibility with older systems and removable storage, it has limitations such as a maximum file size of 4 GB and a maximum volume size of 2 TB. Other file systems mentioned, such as ext4, are primarily associated with Linux-based operating systems, while HFS+ is used by macOS. Therefore, NTFS is the most appropriate and standard file system for Windows environments.