What type of memory is non-volatile and can be electrically erased and reprogrammed?

Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. Non-volatile memory retains its data even when power is turned off, making it suitable for storing firmware, operating systems, and user data. The ability to erase and reprogram this memory electrically provides considerable flexibility, as it can be updated without removing the device from a system or physically replacing chips.

This characteristic is particularly valuable in devices such as USB flash drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory cards, where data needs to be easily modified or updated. In contrast, dynamic RAM and static RAM are both volatile memory types that lose their data when powered off. Cache memory, while it can be fast and is used for temporary storage of frequently accessed data, is also volatile and does not have the capability to be electrically erased and reprogrammed like flash memory does.